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GenAI & LLM Guide

Generative AI Interview Questions: LLMs & Engineering (2026)

Prepare for the AI revolution. 50+ questions on Large Language Models (LLMs), RAG, Transformers, Prompt Engineering, and AI Ethics.

interview-prep

1. Fundamentals of LLMs & Generative AI

Core Concepts

  1. Explain the transformer architecture and why it revolutionized NLP.

    • Detailed breakdown of attention mechanisms

    • Comparison with RNNs/LSTMs

    • Multi-head attention and positional encoding

  2. What are the key differences between encoder-only, decoder-only, and encoder-decoder architectures?

    • BERT vs GPT vs T5/BART

    • Use cases for each architecture

    • Performance trade-offs

  3. Define the following terms: pretraining, fine-tuning, instruction tuning, and RLHF.

    • Phase-by-phase training pipeline

    • Data requirements for each stage

    • Computational considerations

  4. Explain how autoregressive generation works in LLMs.

    • Token-by-token prediction

    • Temperature, top-k, and top-p sampling

    • Beam search vs sampling

  5. What are embeddings in the context of LLMs?

    • Token embeddings vs sentence embeddings

    • Embedding spaces and semantic relationships

    • Recent advances in embedding techniques

  6. Describe the evolution from GPT-3 to GPT-4 and beyond.

    • Scale laws and performance improvements

    • Architectural innovations

    • Multimodal extensions

  7. What are Mixture of Experts (MoE) models?

    • Sparse activation patterns

    • Load balancing challenges

    • Recent implementations (Switch Transformers, Mixtral)

  8. Explain the concept of "emergent abilities" in LLMs.

    • Definition and examples

    • Scaling hypothesis

    • Controversies and debates

  9. What is chain-of-thought prompting and why does it improve performance?

    • Step-by-step reasoning

    • Zero-shot vs few-shot CoT

    • Automatic CoT techniques

  10. Define catastrophic forgetting and techniques to mitigate it.

    • Elastic Weight Consolidation

    • Gradient Episodic Memory

    • Continual learning approaches


2. Architecture & Model Design

Advanced Architectural Questions

  1. Design a transformer layer from scratch. What are all the components?

    • Mathematical formulation

    • Code implementation considerations

    • Memory and compute optimization

  2. Compare different attention mechanisms: full, sparse, linear, flash attention.

    • Computational complexity analysis

    • Memory efficiency trade-offs

    • Hardware considerations

  3. How does rotary positional encoding (RoPE) work and why is it better than absolute positional encoding?

    • Mathematical formulation

    • Relative positional information

    • Length extrapolation capabilities

  4. Explain layer normalization and why it's crucial for transformer stability.

    • Pre-LN vs Post-LN architectures

    • Gradient flow optimization

    • Alternative normalization techniques

  5. What is model parallelism and how is it implemented in large model training?

    • Tensor parallelism

    • Pipeline parallelism

    • Expert parallelism (for MoE)

    • 3D parallelism strategies

  6. Describe the architecture of a vision-language model like GPT-4V or LLaVA.

    • Visual encoder choices (ViT, CLIP)

    • Projection layers and alignment

    • Training strategies for multimodal understanding

  7. How do you handle extremely long contexts (1M+ tokens) in LLMs?

    • Sparse attention patterns

    • Hierarchical approaches

    • Recurrent memory mechanisms

    • Retrieval-augmented generation

  8. Explain the concept of "activation checkpointing" and its trade-offs.

    • Memory vs recomputation balance

    • Implementation strategies

    • Impact on training throughput

  9. What are state space models (SSMs) and how do they compare to transformers?

    • Mamba, RWKV architectures

    • Linear-time sequence modeling

    • Competitive benchmarks and limitations

  10. Design considerations for building a multilingual LLM.

    • Tokenizer design for multiple languages

    • Balancing language distributions

    • Cross-lingual transfer capabilities


3. Training & Optimization

Training Pipeline Questions

  1. Walk through the complete training pipeline for a modern LLM.

    • Data collection and filtering

    • Pretraining objectives

    • Supervised fine-tuning

    • RLHF/DPO alignment

  2. What is the Chinchilla scaling law and how does it change model training strategy?

    • Optimal compute allocation

    • Model size vs data size trade-offs

    • Practical implications for training budgets

  3. Explain mixed precision training and its benefits.

    • FP16, BF16, TF32 formats

    • Loss scaling techniques

    • Hardware acceleration benefits

  4. How do you handle distributed training across thousands of GPUs?

    • Communication patterns

    • Fault tolerance strategies

    • Performance profiling and optimization

  5. What is gradient checkpointing and when would you use it?

    • Memory reduction calculations

    • Performance overhead

    • Implementation best practices

  6. Describe curriculum learning strategies for LLM training.

    • Data difficulty metrics

    • Scheduling algorithms

    • Impact on final model performance

  7. How do you optimize batch size for large-scale training?

    • Gradient accumulation

    • Global batch size considerations

    • Learning rate scaling rules

  8. Explain different optimizer choices for LLM training (Adam, AdamW, Lion, Sophia).

    • Memory requirements

    • Convergence properties

    • Hyperparameter sensitivity

  9. What is model distillation and when is it useful?

    • Knowledge distillation techniques

    • Student-teacher architectures

    • Performance vs efficiency trade-offs

  10. How do you prevent training instability in very large models?

    • Gradient clipping strategies

    • Learning rate warmup schedules

    • Weight initialization techniques


4. Prompt Engineering & Inference

Practical Application Questions

  1. Design a prompt template for a complex task requiring multiple steps.

    • Role assignment

    • Step-by-step instructions

    • Output formatting requirements

  2. Compare different inference optimization techniques: quantization, pruning, knowledge distillation.

    • Hardware compatibility

    • Accuracy-efficiency trade-offs

    • Real-world deployment considerations

  3. What is speculative decoding and how does it speed up inference?

    • Draft model selection

    • Verification mechanisms

    • Speedup calculations

  4. Explain the concept of "function calling" in LLMs.

    • Tool use capabilities

    • Implementation patterns

    • Error handling strategies

  5. How do you implement caching for transformer inference?

    • KV cache mechanisms

    • Memory management

    • Cache optimization for long sequences

  6. Design a system for few-shot learning with dynamic examples selection.

    • Example retrieval strategies

    • Similarity metrics

    • Performance evaluation

  7. What are the limitations of prompt engineering?

    • Context window constraints

    • Inconsistent responses

    • Security vulnerabilities

  8. Explain the concept of "toolformer" style models.

    • API calling capabilities

    • Training methodology

    • Integration patterns

  9. How do you handle streaming responses in production systems?

    • Token-by-token generation

    • Client-server communication

    • User experience considerations

  10. Design a system for prompt versioning and A/B testing.

    • Experiment tracking

    • Statistical significance testing

    • Rollout strategies


5. Evaluation & Metrics

Assessment Questions

  1. What metrics do you use to evaluate LLM performance beyond accuracy?

    • Perplexity, BLEU, ROUGE

    • Human evaluation protocols

    • Task-specific metrics

  2. How do you design a comprehensive evaluation suite for an LLM?

    • Benchmark selection (MMLU, HELM, BIG-bench)

    • Domain-specific evaluations

    • Safety and bias assessments

  3. Explain the limitations of current LLM evaluation methodologies.

    • Benchmark contamination

    • Evaluation distribution shift

    • Cultural biases in evaluation

  4. What is the "lost-in-the-middle" problem and how do you measure it?

    • Positional bias in long contexts

    • Evaluation strategies

    • Mitigation techniques

  5. How do you evaluate reasoning capabilities in LLMs?

    • Mathematical reasoning benchmarks

    • Logical reasoning tasks

    • Planning and strategy evaluation

  6. Design an experiment to measure hallucination rates.

    • Factual consistency metrics

    • Contradiction detection

    • Statistical significance testing

  7. What are toxicity detection methods and their limitations?

    • Content moderation classifiers

    • Bias in moderation systems

    • Cultural sensitivity considerations

  8. How do you evaluate model efficiency?

    • Tokens per second

    • Memory footprint

    • Energy consumption metrics

  9. Explain the concept of "calibration" in LLMs.

    • Confidence scores vs accuracy

    • Temperature scaling

    • Applications in risk-sensitive domains

  10. Design a continuous evaluation framework for a deployed LLM.

    • User feedback collection

    • Automated monitoring

    • Alerting and retraining triggers


6. Deployment & Production Engineering

System Design Questions

  1. Design a scalable LLM serving architecture for millions of users.

    • Load balancing strategies

    • Model deployment patterns

    • Cost optimization techniques

  2. How do you implement rate limiting and cost tracking?

    • Token-based billing

    • User quota management

    • Abuse detection

  3. Explain different model serving strategies: serverless, containers, specialized hardware.

    • Cold start considerations

    • Auto-scaling policies

    • Cost-performance trade-offs

  4. Design a caching system for LLM responses.

    • Semantic caching vs exact matching

    • Cache invalidation strategies

    • Hit rate optimization

  5. How do you handle model versioning and rollbacks?

    • A/B testing infrastructure

    • Canary deployments

    • Rollback procedures

  6. What is continuous integration for ML models?

    • Automated testing pipelines

    • Performance regression detection

    • Compliance checks

  7. Design a system for monitoring LLM performance in production.

    • Latency tracking

    • Error rate monitoring

    • Quality metrics collection

  8. How do you implement content moderation for user-generated prompts?

    • Multi-layer filtering

    • Real-time vs post-hoc moderation

    • Appeal and review processes

  9. Explain security considerations for LLM APIs.

    • Prompt injection attacks

    • Data leakage prevention

    • Authentication and authorization

  10. Design a cost-effective inference system with dynamic model selection.

    • Model cascade strategies

    • Early exit mechanisms

    • Quality-cost trade-off optimization


7. Ethics, Safety & Alignment

Responsible AI Questions

  1. What are the main safety concerns with generative AI?

    • Misinformation generation

    • Bias amplification

    • Dual-use concerns

  2. Explain different alignment techniques: RLHF, Constitutional AI, DPO.

    • Human preference modeling

    • Scalability challenges

    • Comparative effectiveness

  3. How do you detect and mitigate bias in LLMs?

    • Bias measurement frameworks

    • Debiasing techniques

    • Ongoing monitoring strategies

  4. What is the "alignment tax" and how do you minimize it?

    • Performance trade-offs

    • Optimization strategies

    • Evaluation approaches

  5. Design a red-teaming strategy for LLM safety evaluation.

    • Adversarial prompt generation

    • Vulnerability assessment

    • Reporting and mitigation workflows

  6. Explain the concept of "value pluralism" in AI alignment.

    • Cultural differences in AI preferences

    • Customizable alignment approaches

    • Implementation challenges

  7. How do you implement content filtering without over-censorship?

    • Context-aware moderation

    • User-controlled filters

    • Transparency reports

  8. What are watermarking techniques for AI-generated content?

    • Statistical watermarking

    • Detection mechanisms

    • Robustness against removal

  9. Design a consent mechanism for training data usage.

    • Opt-out procedures

    • Data provenance tracking

    • Legal compliance frameworks

  10. Explain the ethical considerations in AI assistants for healthcare or legal domains.

    • Liability frameworks

    • Professional standards compliance

    • Risk management strategies


8. Emergent Capabilities & Future Trends

Forward-Looking Questions

  1. What are the current limitations of LLMs that you expect to be solved by 2030?

    • Reasoning capabilities

    • Context length limitations

    • Multimodal understanding

  2. Explain the concept of "LLM agents" and their potential applications.

    • Autonomous operation capabilities

    • Tool use patterns

    • Multi-agent systems

  3. What are neuro-symbolic approaches and their relevance to LLMs?

    • Combining neural and symbolic reasoning

    • Applications in verification and planning

    • Current research directions

  4. How might LLMs evolve to handle real-time information?

    • Streaming data integration

    • World model updates

    • Temporal reasoning capabilities

  5. Explain the potential of personalized AI models.

    • Fine-tuning on personal data

    • Privacy-preserving techniques

    • User control and transparency

  6. What are the challenges in creating truly multilingual LLMs?

    • Low-resource language support

    • Cross-cultural understanding

    • Evaluation methodologies

  7. How might LLMs integrate with traditional software systems?

    • API generation capabilities

    • Code understanding and generation

    • System design assistance

  8. Explain the concept of "self-improving" AI systems.

    • Recursive training methodologies

    • Safety considerations

    • Control mechanisms

  9. What are the implications of AI-generated training data?

    • Quality degradation concerns

    • Diversity preservation

    • Detection and filtering techniques

  10. How do you see human-AI collaboration evolving in the next 5 years?

    • Interface design innovations

    • Trust building mechanisms

    • Skill augmentation patterns


9. System Design & Scalability

Technical Design Questions

  1. Design a system that can handle 100K QPS for an LLM API.

    • Global load distribution

    • Model replication strategies

    • Cost optimization

  2. How would you implement a multi-tenant LLM platform?

    • Resource isolation

    • Billing and metering

    • Custom model support

  3. Design a RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation) system for enterprise knowledge bases.

    • Document processing pipeline

    • Vector database selection

    • Retrieval quality optimization

  4. Explain how to implement continuous training for LLMs with new data.

    • Data pipeline design

    • Training job orchestration

    • Model version management

  5. Design a fault-tolerant training system for 1000+ GPU clusters.

    • Checkpoint strategies

    • Failure detection and recovery

    • Resource utilization optimization

  6. How do you optimize data loading for large-scale training?

    • Data preprocessing pipelines

    • Storage format optimization

    • Parallel loading strategies

  7. Design a cost-monitoring system for cloud-based LLM training.

    • Resource tracking

    • Cost prediction models

    • Budget enforcement mechanisms

  8. Explain GPU memory optimization techniques for inference.

    • Model quantization strategies

    • Memory sharing between requests

    • Dynamic batching algorithms

  9. Design a system for A/B testing different model architectures.

    • Traffic splitting mechanisms

    • Metric collection infrastructure

    • Statistical analysis frameworks

  10. How would you implement zero-downtime model updates?

    • Warm-up strategies

    • Traffic migration techniques

    • Rollback capabilities


10. Industry-Specific Applications

Domain Knowledge Questions

  1. Design an LLM-based system for code generation and review.

    • Security consideration integration

    • Style guide enforcement

    • Testing and validation workflows

  2. How would you apply LLMs in the healthcare domain?

    • HIPAA compliance considerations

    • Clinical decision support systems

    • Patient data privacy

  3. Design a financial analysis system using LLMs.

    • Regulatory compliance

    • Real-time data integration

    • Risk assessment capabilities

  4. How can LLMs transform education and tutoring?

    • Personalized learning paths

    • Assessment generation

    • Interactive learning experiences

  5. Design a customer support system with LLM automation.

    • Escalation mechanisms

    • Quality assurance processes

    • Integration with existing CRM systems

  6. How would you implement LLMs for creative content generation?

    • Style consistency maintenance

    • Copyright considerations

    • Human-in-the-loop workflows

  7. Design a legal document analysis system.

    • Citation validation

    • Precedent analysis

    • Confidentiality guarantees

  8. How can LLMs enhance scientific research?

    • Literature review automation

    • Hypothesis generation

    • Experimental design assistance

  9. Design a multilingual translation system with cultural adaptation.

    • Cultural nuance preservation

    • Domain-specific terminology

    • Real-time adaptation capabilities

  10. How would you build an LLM-powered personal assistant?

    • Context retention across sessions

    • Personal preference learning

    • Proactive assistance capabilities


Bonus: Problem-Solving & Case Studies

Scenario-Based Questions

  1. Your LLM is generating harmful content despite safety training. How do you diagnose and fix this?

    • Root cause analysis methodology

    • Data investigation techniques

    • Intervention strategies

  2. Users report that your model's performance has degraded over time. How do you investigate?

    • Monitoring system design

    • A/B testing methodology

    • Rollback decision criteria

  3. You need to reduce inference costs by 50% while maintaining 95% of current quality. What's your approach?

    • Model optimization techniques

    • Hardware selection strategies

    • Quality-impact analysis framework

  4. Design a system that can detect and prevent prompt injection attacks.

    • Attack pattern recognition

    • Defense-in-depth strategies

    • Incident response procedures

  5. Your training job failed after 3 weeks of training on 500 GPUs. How do you recover?

    • Debugging methodologies

    • Checkpoint recovery procedures

    • Root cause prevention strategies

  6. How would you design a fairness audit for an LLM used in hiring decisions?

    • Bias detection metrics

    • Demographic analysis

    • Mitigation implementation plans

  7. You're asked to deploy an LLM in a regulated industry (finance/healthcare). What compliance considerations arise?

    • Audit trail requirements

    • Explainability mandates

    • Data governance frameworks

  8. Design a system for real-time content moderation at scale.

    • Multi-stage filtering architecture

    • Low-latency requirements

    • Appeal and review workflows

  9. How would you handle a situation where your model has memorized and is leaking sensitive training data?

    • Detection mechanisms

    • Containment procedures

    • Prevention strategies

  10. Design an evaluation framework for comparing open-source vs proprietary LLMs.

    • Total cost of ownership analysis

    • Performance benchmarking

    • Strategic flexibility assessment


Preparation Strategies for 2026 Interviews

Technical Preparation

  1. Hands-on Projects

    • Implement a small transformer from scratch

    • Fine-tune open-source models on custom tasks

    • Build and deploy a complete RAG system

  2. System Design Practice

    • Whiteboard architectural diagrams

    • Calculate resource requirements

    • Design for scale and fault tolerance

  3. Stay Current

    • Follow arXiv daily for latest papers

    • Contribute to open-source LLM projects

    • Attend major conferences (NeurIPS, ICML, ACL)

Interview Strategies

  1. Communication Approach

    • Think aloud during problem-solving

    • Clarify requirements before designing

    • Discuss trade-offs explicitly

  2. Knowledge Demonstration

    • Connect theoretical concepts to practical applications

    • Reference recent research appropriately

    • Acknowledge limitations and open problems

  3. Problem-Solving Framework

    • Define success criteria first

    • Consider multiple approaches

    • Prioritize based on constraints

Resources for 2026

  • Books: "Deep Learning" (Goodfellow et al.), "Speech and Language Processing" (Jurafsky & Martin)

  • Courses: Stanford CS324, DeepLearning.ai specialization

  • Practice Platforms: LeetCode (system design), Hugging Face challenges

  • Research: Follow labs like OpenAI, Anthropic, Google DeepMind, Meta FAIR


This comprehensive list covers the breadth and depth of knowledge expected for Generative AI and LLM engineering roles in 2026. The field evolves rapidly, so staying current with the latest research and maintaining hands-on experience with cutting-edge tools and frameworks will be essential for success.

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Generative AI Interview Questions: LLMs & Engineering (2026) | Hirecta Interview Prep | Hirecta